APR Nameplate
  • Volume/Page
  • Keyword
  • DOI
  • Citation
  • Advanced
   
 
 
 

Flickr Twitter iResearch App Facebook

Applied Physics Reviews / Volume 1997

J. Appl. Phys. 82, 909 (1997); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366536 (57 pages)

The structural and luminescence properties of porous silicon

A. G. Cullis1, L. T. Canham2, and P. D. J. Calcott2

1Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
2DRA Malvern, Saint Andrews Road, Malvern, Worcs WR14 3PS, United Kingdom

(Received 25 July 1996; accepted 16 April 1997)

A large amount of work world-wide has been directed towards obtaining an understanding of the fundamental characteristics of porous Si. Much progress has been made following the demonstration in 1990 that highly porous material could emit very efficient visible photoluminescence at room temperature. Since that time, all features of the structural, optical and electronic properties of the material have been subjected to in-depth scrutiny. It is the purpose of the present review to survey the work which has been carried out and to detail the level of understanding which has been attained. The key importance of crystalline Si nanostructures in determining the behaviour of porous Si is highlighted. The fabrication of solid-state electroluminescent devices is a prominent goal of many studies and the impressive progress in this area is described. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.  

© 1997 American Institute of Physics

RELATED DATABASES

To view database links for this article, you need to log in.

KEYWORDS and PACS

Keywords

elemental semiconductors, porous materials, electroluminescent devices, nanostructured materials, time resolved spectra, SILICON, POROSITY, PHOTOLUMINESCENCE, STRUCTURAL MODELS, ELECTROLUMINESCENCE, OXIDATION, ANODIZATION, ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, CATHODOLUMINESCENCE, POLARIZATION, FATIGUE

PACS

ARTICLE DATA

Digital Object Identifier
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366536

PUBLICATION DATA

Publisher

$abstract.society.value is a Member of CrossRef American Institute of Physics

For access to fully linked references, you need to log in.
    L. T. Canham, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1046 (1990)APPLAB000057000010001046000001.

    C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, J. Appl. Phys. 27, 544 (1957)JAPIAU000027000005000544000001.

    V. Lehmann and U. Gösele, Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 856 (1991)APPLAB000058000008000856000001.

    A. Halimaoui, C. Oules, G. Bromchil, A. Bsiesy, F. Gaspard, R. Herino, M. Ligeon, and F. Muller, Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 304 (1991)APPLAB000059000003000304000001.

    J. S. Shor, I. Grimberg, B. Z. Weiss, and A. D. Kurtz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2836 (1993)APPLAB000062000022002836000001.

    J. S. Shor, L. Bemis, A. D. Kurtz, I. Grimberg, B. Z. Weiss, M. F. Macmillian, and W. J. Choyke, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 4045 (1994)JAPIAU000076000007004045000001.

    T. Matsumoto, J. Takahashi, T. Tamaki, T. Futagi, H. Mimura, and Y. Kanemitru, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 226 (1994)APPLAB000064000002000226000001.

    A. O. Konstantinov, C. I. Harris, and E. Janzen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 2699 (1994)APPLAB000065000021002699000001.

    A. O. Konstantinov, A. Henry, C. I. Harris, and E. Janzen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 2250 (1995)APPLAB000066000017002250000001.

    A. A. Lebedev, A. A. Lebedev, and Yu. V. Rud, Tech. Phys. Lett. 21, 117 (1995).

    L. S. Liao, X. M. Bao, Z. F. Yang, and N. B. Min, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 2382 (1995)APPLAB000066000018002382000001.

    X. L. Wu, F. Yan, X. M. Bao, N. S. Li, L. S. Liao, M. S. Zhang, S. S. Jiang, and D. Feng, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2091 (1996)APPLAB000068000015002091000001.

    M. F. MacMillan, R. P. Devaty, W. J. Choyke, D. R. Goldstein, J. E. Spanier, and A. D. Kurtz, J. Appl. Phys. 80, 2412 (1996)JAPIAU000080000004002412000001.

    A. Aredda, A. Serpi, V. A. Karravanskii, I. M. Tiginyanu, and V. M. Ichizli, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 3316 (1995)APPLAB000067000022003316000001.

    A. Meyerink, A. A. Bol, and J. J. Kelly, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2801 (1996)APPLAB000069000019002801000001.

    S. Gardelis, J. S. Rimmer, P. Dawson, B. Hamilton, R. A. Kubiak, T. E. Whall, and E. H. C. Parker, Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 2118 (1991)APPLAB000059000017002118000001.

    A. Ksendzov, R. W. Fathaver, T. George, W. T. Pike, R. P. Vasquez, and A. P. Taylor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 200 (1993)APPLAB000063000002000200000001.

    M. Schoisswohl, J. L. Cantin, M. Chamarro, H. J. von Bardeleben, T. Morgenstern, E. Buigel, W. Kissinger, and R. C. Andrew, Phys. Rev. B 52, 11898 (1995).

    M. Schoisswohl, M. Rosenbauer, J. L. Cantin, S. Lebib, H. J. von Bardeleben, J. L. Fave, J. Cernogora, G. Amato, and A. Rossi, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 9301 (1996)JAPIAU000079000012009301000001.

    P. Schmuki, D. J. Lockwood, H. J. Labbe, and J. W. Fraser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 1620 (1996)APPLAB000069000011001620000001.

    A. A. Lebedev and Yu. V. Rud, Tech. Phys. Lett. 22, 483 (1996).

    R. L. Smith and S. D. Collins, J. Appl. Phys. 71, R1 (1992)JAPIAU0000710000080000R1000001.

    P. C. Searson, J. M. Macauley, and F. M. Ross, J. Appl. Phys. 72, 253 (1992)JAPIAU000072000001000253000001.

    H. Yan and X. Hu, J. Appl. Phys. 73, 4324 (1993)JAPIAU000073000009004324000001.

    J. Elebacher, K. Sieradzki, and P. C. Searson, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 182 (1994)JAPIAU000076000001000182000001.

    O. Teschke, M. C. dos Santos, M. V. Kleinke, D. M. Soares, and D. S. Galvao, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 590 (1995)JAPIAU000078000001000590000001.

    G. C. John and V. A. Singh, Phys. Rev. B 52, 11125 (1995).

    A. Valance, Phys. Rev. B 52, 8323 (1995).

    P. Allongue, C. H. de Villeneuve, L. Pinsard, and M. C. Bernard, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 941 (1995)APPLAB000067000007000941000001.

    L. Jia, S. L. Zhang, S. P. Wong, I. H. Wilson, S. K. Hark, Z. F. Liu, and S. M. Cai, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3399 (1996)APPLAB000069000022003399000001.

    L. T. Canham and A. J. Groszek, J. Appl. Phys. 72, 1558 (1992)JAPIAU000072000004001558000001.

    H. Koyama and N. Koshida, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 6365 (1993)JAPIAU000074000010006365000001.

    H. Koyama, T. Nakagawa, T. Ozaki, and N. Koshida, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1656 (1994)APPLAB000065000013001656000001.

    T. Nakagawa, H. Koyama, and N. Koshida, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3206 (1996)APPLAB000069000021003206000001.

    X. Hou, H. Fan, L. Xu, F. Zhang, M. Li, M. Yu, and X. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2323 (1996)APPLAB000068000017002323000001.

    L. V. Belyakov, D. N. Goryachev, and O. M. Sreseli, Tech. Phys. Lett. 22, 97 (1996).

    R. W. Fathauer, T. George, A. Ksendzov, and R. P. Vasquez, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 995 (1992)APPLAB000060000008000995000001.

    S. Shih, K. H. Jung, T. Y. Hsieh, J. Sarathy, J. C. Campbell, and D. L. Kwong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 1863 (1992)APPLAB000060000015001863000001.

    J. Q. Jia, L. Z. Zhang, J. J. Fu, B. R. Zhang, J. C. Mao, and G. G. Qin, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 7615 (1993)JAPIAU000074000012007615000001.

    W. B. Dubbleday, P. M. Szaflarski, R. L. Shimakukaro, S. D. Russell, and M. J. Sailor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1694 (1993)APPLAB000062000014001694000001.

    M. T. Kelly, J. K. M. Chun, and A. B. Bocarsly, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1693 (1994)APPLAB000064000013001693000001.

    M. Schoisswohl, J. L. Cantin, H. J. von Bardeleben, and G. Amato, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 3660 (1995)APPLAB000066000026003660000001.

    S. Kalem and M. Rosenbauer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 2551 (1995)APPLAB000067000017002551000001.

    M. J. Winton, S. D. Russell, J. A. Wolk, and R. Gronsky, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 4026 (1996)APPLAB000069000026004026000001.

    N. Noguchi and I. Suemune, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1429 (1993)APPLAB000062000012001429000001.

    O. K. Anderson, T. Frello, and E. Veje, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 6189 (1995)JAPIAU000078000010006189000001.

    L. E. Friedersdorf, P. C. Searson, S. M. Prokes, O. J. Glembocki, and J. M. Macauley, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2285 (1992)APPLAB000060000018002285000001.

    X. Wang, G. Shi, F. L. Zhang, H. J. Chen, W. Wong, P. H. Mao, and X. Y. Hou, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2363 (1993)APPLAB000063000017002363000001.

    C. H. Lin, S. C. Lee, and Y. F. Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 7728 (1994)JAPIAU000075000012007728000001.

    G. Ambrazevieus, G. Zaicevas, V. Sasutis, D. Lescinskas, T. Lidikus, I. Siemkiere, and D. Gulbinaite, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 5442 (1994)JAPIAU000076000009005442000001.

    V. Pellegrini, F. Fuso, G. Lorenzi, M. Allegrini, A. Dilligenti, A. Nannini, and G. Pennelli, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1084 (1995)APPLAB000067000008001084000001.

    O. Belmont, D. Bellet, and Y. Bréchet, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 7586 (1996)JAPIAU000079000010007586000001.

    M. Thönissen, S. Billat, M. Krüger, H. Lüth, M. G. Berger, U. Frotscher, and U. Rossow, J. Appl. Phys. 80, 2990 (1996)JAPIAU000080000005002990000001.

    S. M. Prokes, J. A. Freitas, Jr., and P. C. Searson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 3295 (1992)APPLAB000060000026003295000001.

    F. Kozlowski and W. Lang, J. Appl. Phys. 72, 5401 (1992)JAPIAU000072000011005401000001.

    S. L. Zhang, Y. Hou, K. S. Ho, B. Qiari, and S. Cai, J. Appl. Phys. 72, 4469 (1992)JAPIAU000072000009004469000001.

    N. Ookubo, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 6375 (1993)JAPIAU000074000010006375000001.

    G. Vincent, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 2367 (1994)APPLAB000064000018002367000001.

    L. Pavesi, C. Mazzoleni, A. Tredicucci, and V. Pellegrini, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 3280 (1995)APPLAB000067000022003280000001.

    V. Pellegrini, A. Tredicucci, C. Mazzoleni, and L. Pavesi, Phys. Rev. B 52, R14328 (1995).

    X. L. Wu, F. Yan, F. M. Pao, X. Bao, S. S. Jiang, M. S. Zhang, and D. Feng, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 611 (1996)APPLAB000068000005000611000001.

    L. T. Canham, M. R. Houlton, W. Y. Leong, C. Pickering, and J. M. Keen, J. Appl. Phys. 70, 422 (1991)JAPIAU000070000001000422000001.

    Y. H. Xie, W. L. Wilson, F. M. Ross, J. A. Mucha, E. A. Fitzgerald, J. M. Macauley, and T. D. Harris, J. Appl. Phys. 71, 2403 (1992)JAPIAU000071000005002403000001.

    A. Loni, A. J. Simons, L. T. Canham, H. J. Phillips, and L. G. Earwaker, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 2825 (1994)JAPIAU000076000005002825000001.

    D. Graf, M. Grundner, R. Schulz, and L. Mulhoff, J. Appl. Phys. 68, 5155 (1990)JAPIAU000068000010005155000001.

    S. Shih, K. H. Jung, D. L. Kwong, M. Kovar, and J. M. White, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1780 (1993)APPLAB000062000015001780000001.

    A. Nakajima, T. Itakura, S. Watanabe, and N. Nakajama, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 46 (1992)APPLAB000061000001000046000001.

    K. H. Li, C. Tsai, T. Shih, T. Hsu, D. L. Kwang, and J. C. Campbell, J. Appl. Phys. 72, 3816 (1992)JAPIAU000072000008003816000001.

    K. Murakoshi and K. Vosaki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1676 (1993)APPLAB000062000014001676000001.

    S. Shih, C. Tsai, K. H. Li, K. H. Jung, J. C. Campbell, and D. L. Kwong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 633 (1992)APPLAB000060000005000633000001.

    V. Petrova-Koch, T. Muschik, A. Kux, B. K. Meyer, F. Koch, and V. Lehmann, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 943 (1992)APPLAB000061000008000943000001.

    H. Chen, X. Hou, G. Li, F. Zhang, M. Yu, and X. Wang, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 3282 (1996)JAPIAU000079000006003282000001.

    Y. Xiao, M. J. Heben, J. M. McCullough, Y. S. Tsuo, J. Pankove, and S. K. Deb, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1152 (1993)APPLAB000062000010001152000001.

    U. Gruning, S. C. Gujrathi, S. Poulin, Y. Diawara, and A. Yelon, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 8075 (1994)JAPIAU000075000012008075000001.

    P. O. Keefe, Y. Aoyagi, S. Komuro, T. Kato, and T. Morikawa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 836 (1995)APPLAB000066000007000836000001.

    J. S. Fu, J. C. Mao, E. Wu, Y. Q. Jia, B. R. Zhang, L. Z. Zhang, G. C. Qin, G. S. Wui, and Y. H. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 1830 (1993)APPLAB000063000013001830000001.

    G. Li, X. Hou, S. Yuan, H. Chen, F. Zhang, H. Fan, and X. Wang, J. Appl. Phys. 80, 5967 (1996)JAPIAU000080000010005967000001.

    A. Halimaoui, Y. Campidelli, P. A. Badoz, and D. Bensahel, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 3520 (1995)JAPIAU000078000005003520000001.

    A. G. Cullis, L. T. Canham, G. M. Williams, P. W. Smith, and O. D. Dosser, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 493 (1994)JAPIAU000075000001000493000001.

    P. A. Lee, P. H. Citrin, P. Eisenberger and B. M. Kincaid, Rev. Mod. Phys. 53, 769 (1981).

    I. M. Young, M. I. J. Beale, and J. D. Benjamin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 46, 1133 (1985)APPLAB000046000012001133000001.

    D. Buttard, D. Bellet, and G. Dolino, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 8060 (1996)JAPIAU000079000010008060000001.

    D. Bellet, G. Dolino, M. Ligeon, P. Blanc, and M. Krisch, J. Appl. Phys. 71, 145 (1992)JAPIAU000071000001000145000001.

    E. Koppensteiner, A. Schuh, G. Bauer, V. Holy, D. Bellet, and G. Dolino, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1504 (1994)APPLAB000065000012001504000001.

    S. S. Tsao, D. R. Meyers, T. R. Guilinger, M. J. Kelly, and A. K. Datye, J. Appl. Phys. 62, 4182 (1987)JAPIAU000062000010004182000001.

    S.-F. Chuang, S. D. Collins, and R. L. Smith, Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 1540 (1989)APPLAB000055000015001540000001.

    S.-F. Chuang, S. D. Collins, and R. L. Smith, Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 675 (1989)APPLAB000055000007000675000001.

    M. W. Cole, J. F. Harvey, R. A. Lux, D. W. Eckhart, and R. Tsu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2800 (1992)APPLAB000060000022002800000001.

    A. Nakajima, Y. Ohshima, T. Itakura, and Y. Goto, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2631 (1993)APPLAB000062000021002631000001.

    O. Teschke, M. C. Goncalves, and F. Galembeck, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 1348 (1993)APPLAB000063000010001348000001.

    O. Teschke, F. Alvarez, L. Tessler, and M. U. Kleinke, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 1927 (1993)APPLAB000063000014001927000001.

    I. Berbezier and A. Halimaoui, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 5421 (1993)JAPIAU000074000009005421000001.

    R. P. Vasquez, R. W. Fathauer, T. George, A. Ksendzov, and T. L. Lin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 1004 (1992)APPLAB000060000008001004000001.

    T. George, M. S. Anderson, W. T. Pike, T. L. Lin, R. W. Fathauer, K. H. Jung, and D. L. Kwong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2359 (1992)APPLAB000060000019002359000001.

    R. R. Kunz, P. M. Nitishin, H. R. Clark, M. Rothschild, and B. Ahern, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1766 (1995)APPLAB000067000012001766000001.

    S. Shih, K. H. Jung, R.-Z. Qian, and D. L. Kwong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 467 (1993)APPLAB000062000005000467000001.

    G. B. Amisola, R. Behrensmeier, J. M. Galligan, F. A. Otter, F. Namavar, and N. M. Kalkoran, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 2595 (1992)APPLAB000061000021002595000001.

    O. Teschke, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2129 (1996)APPLAB000068000015002129000001.

    K. Ito, S. Ohyama, Y. Uehara, and S. Ushioda, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 2536 (1995)APPLAB000067000017002536000001.

    M. Enachescu, E. Hartmann, and F. Koch, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 2948 (1996)JAPIAU000079000006002948000001.

    V. Vezin, P. Goudeau, A. Naudon, A. Halimaoui, and G. Bomchil, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2625 (1992)APPLAB000060000021002625000001.

    A. Naudon, P. Goudeau, A. Halimaoui, B. Lambert, and G. Bomchil, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 780 (1994)JAPIAU000075000002000780000001.

    D. Bellet and G. Dolino, Phys. Rev. B 51, 1823 (1995).

    G. Dolino, D. Bellet, and C. Faivre, Phys. Rev. B 54, 17919 (1996).

    T. van Buuren, Y. Gao, T. Tiedje, J. R. Dahn, and B. M. Way, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 3013 (1992)APPLAB000060000024003013000001.

    T. van Buuren, T. Tiedje, S. N. Patitsas, and W. Weydanz, Phys. Rev. B 50, 2719 (1994).

    S. Schuppler, S. L. Friedman, M. A. Marcus, D. L. Adler, Y.-H. Xie, F. M. Ross, T. D. Harris, W. L. Brown, Y. J. Chabal, L. E. Brus, and P. H. Citrin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2648 (1994).

    S. Schuppler, S. L. Friedmann, M. A. Marcus, D. L. Adler, Y.-H. Xie, F. M. Ross, Y. J. Chabal, T. D. Harris, L. E. Brus, W. L. Brown, E. E. Chaban, P. F. Szajowski, S. B. Christman, and P. H. Citrin, Phys. Rev. B 52, 4910 (1995).

    Q. Zhang and S. C. Bayliss, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 1351 (1996)JAPIAU000079000003001351000001.

    P. Deak, M. Rosenbauer, M. Stutzmann, J. Weber, and M. S. Brandt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2531 (1992).

    R. F. Pinnizzotto, H. Yang, J. M. Perez, and J. L. Coffer, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 4486 (1994)JAPIAU000075000009004486000001.

    R. Tsu, H. Shen, and M. Dutta, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 112 (1992)APPLAB000060000001000112000001.

    Z. Sui, P. P. Leong, I. P. Herman, G. S. Higashi, and H. Temkin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2086 (1992)APPLAB000060000017002086000001.

    J. M. Perez, J. Villalobos, P. McNeill, J. Prasad, R. Cheek, J. Kelber, J. P. Estrera, P. D. Stevens, and R. Glosser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 563 (1992)APPLAB000061000005000563000001.

    Y. Kanemitsu, H. Uto, Y. Masumoto, T. Matsumoto, T. Futagi, and H. Mimura, Phys. Rev. B 48, 2827 (1993).

    I. Gregora, B. Champagnon, and A. Halimaoui, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 3034 (1994)JAPIAU000075000006003034000001.

    S. M. Prokes and O. J. Glembocki, Phys. Rev. B 49, 2238 (1994).

    H. Tanino, A. Kuprin, H. Deai, and N. Koshida, Phys. Rev. B 53, 1937 (1996).

    S. Guha, P. Steiner, and W. Lang, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 8664 (1996)JAPIAU000079000011008664000001.

    D. R. Tallant, M. J. Kelly, T. R. Giulinger, and R. L. Simpson, J. Appl. Phys. 80, 7009 (1996)JAPIAU000080000012007009000001.

    F. Liu, L. Liao, G. Wang, G. Cheng, and X. Bao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 604 (1996).

    G. Anaple, R. Burrows, Y. Wu, P. Boolchand, and F. Adar, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 4273 (1995)JAPIAU000078000006004273000001.

    Y. Itoh, H. Murakami, and A. Kinoshita, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2798 (1993)APPLAB000063000020002798000001.

    A. P. Knights, G. Kowalski, A. S. Saleh, A. Towner, M. I. Patel, P. C. Rice-Evans, M. Moore, G. A. Gledhill, E. Nossarzewska-Orlowska, and A. Brzozowski, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 4411 (1995)JAPIAU000078000007004411000001.

    S. Dannefaer, D. Kerr, D. Craigen, T. Bretagnon, T. Taliercio, and A. Foucaran, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 9110 (1996)JAPIAU000079000012009110000001.

    P. E. Batson and J. R. Heath, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 911 (1993).

    R. M. Sassaki, F. Galembeck, and O. Teschke, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 206 (1996)APPLAB000069000002000206000001.

    Y. Mochizuki, M. Mizuta, Y. Ochuai, S. Matsui, and N. Ohkubo, Phys. Rev. B 46, 12353 (1992).

    M. H. Chan, S. K. So, and K. W. Cheah, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 3273 (1996)JAPIAU000079000006003273000001.

    J.-C. Vial, A. Bsiesy, F. Gaspard, R. Herino, M. Ligeon, F. Muller, R. Romestain, and R. M. Macfarlane, Phys. Rev. B 45, 14171 (1992).

    H. Mizuno, H. Koyama, and N. Koshida, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 3779 (1996)APPLAB000069000025003779000001.

    D. I. Kovalev, I. D. Yarostietzkii, T. Muschik, V. Petrova-Koch, and F. Koch, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 214 (1994)APPLAB000064000002000214000001.

    L. Tsybeskov, Yu V. Vandyshev, and P. M. Fauchet, Phys. Rev. B 49, 7821 (1994).

    C. I. Harris, M. Syvajarvi, J. P. Bergman, O. Kerdina, A. Henry, B. Monemar, and E. Janzen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 2451 (1994)APPLAB000065000019002451000001.

    A. Kux, D. Kovalev, and F. Koch, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 49 (1995)APPLAB000066000001000049000001.

    D. T. Jiang, I. Coulthard, T. K. Sham, J. W. Lorimer, S. P. Frigo, X. H. Feng, and R. A. Rosenberg, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 6335 (1993)JAPIAU000074000010006335000001.

    G. G. Qin, J. Lin, J. Q. Duan, and G. Q. Yao, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 1689 (1996)APPLAB000069000012001689000001.

    T. Wadayama, S. Yamamoto, and A. Hatta, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1653 (1994)APPLAB000065000013001653000001.

    M. Davison, K. P. O'Donnell, U. M. Noor, D. Uttamchandani, and L. E. A. Berlovis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 2912 (1995)APPLAB000066000021002912000001.

    T. Maruyama and S. Ohtani, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1346 (1994)APPLAB000065000011001346000001.

    A. Takazawa, T. Tamura, and M. Yamada, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 2489 (1994)JAPIAU000075000005002489000001.

    S. M. Prokes, W. E. Carlos, and O. J. Glembocki, Phys. Rev. B 50, 17093 (1994).

    S. Banerjee, Phys. Rev. B 51, 11180 (1995).

    S. M. Prokes and O. J. Glembocki, Phys. Rev. B 51, 11183 (1995).

    W. E. Carlos and S. M. Prokes, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 2129 (1995)JAPIAU000078000003002129000001.

    S. M. Prokes and W. E. Carlos, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 2671 (1995)JAPIAU000078000004002671000001.

    S. Komuro, T. Kato, T. Morikawa, P. O'Keefe, and Y. Aoyagi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 949 (1996)APPLAB000068000007000949000001.

    M. A. Tischler, R. T. Collins, J. H. Stathis, and J. C. Tsang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 639 (1992)APPLAB000060000005000639000001.

    Z. Y. Xu, M. Gal, and M. Gross, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 1375 (1992)APPLAB000060000011001375000001.

    R. T. Collins, M. A. Tischler, and J. H. Stathis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 1649 (1992)APPLAB000061000014001649000001.

    X. L. Zheng, H. C. Chen, and W. Wang, J. Appl. Phys. 72, 3841 (1992)JAPIAU000072000008003841000001.

    J. L. Batstone, M. A. Tischler, and R. T. Collins, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2667 (1993)APPLAB000062000021002667000001.

    I. M. Chang, S. C. Pan, and Y. F. Chen, Phys. Rev. B 48, 8747 (1993).

    R. Laicho, A. Pavlov, O. Hovi, and T. Suboi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 275 (1993)APPLAB000063000003000275000001.

    P. D. Stevens and R. Glosser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 803 (1993)APPLAB000063000006000803000001.

    S. Shih, K. H. Jung, Y. Yan, D. L. Kwong, M. Kovar, J. M. White, T. George, and S. Kim, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 3306 (1993)APPLAB000063000024003306000001.

    I. M. Chang, G. S. Chuo, D. C. Chang, and Y. F. Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 77, 5365 (1995)JAPIAU000077000010005365000001.


For access to citing articles, you need to log in.



Close

Google Calendar

ADVERTISEMENT

Your Recent History Recent History Help

Recently Viewed

  1. The structural and luminescence properties of porous silicon
  2. Semiconducting and other major properties of gallium arsenide
Go to AIP Home
Copyright © American Institute of Physics
close